% obscommands.tex, version 2025 November 30
%
%
%
% self-referential
%
\newcommand*{\observatory}{\textit{The Observatory}}
\newcommand*{\magazine}{\textit{Magazine}}
%
%
%rules, hyphens, dashes, etc.
%
\newcommand*{\rdash}{--}    %range
\newcommand*{\jdash}{--}    %joining dash (e.g. $m$--$z$)
\newcommand*{\ndash}{--}    %joining names etc
\newcommand*{\cdash}{--}    %for compound adjectives with different degrees of separation
\newcommand*{\kdash}{ -- }  %key-word separator (not used in The Observatory)
\newcommand*{\adash}{---}   %attribution for a quotation
\newcommand*{\pdash}{---}   %`parentheses'
\newcommand*{\tdash}{---}   %thought dash
%
%
%make the text more readable and not worry about math mode
%
\newcommand*{\hnull}{\ensuremath{H_{0}}}
\newcommand*{\knull}{\ensuremath{K_{0}}}
\newcommand*{\lnull}{\ensuremath{\lambda_{0}}}
\newcommand*{\onull}{\ensuremath{\Omega_{0}}}
\newcommand*{\qnull}{\ensuremath{q_{0}}}
\newcommand*{\rnull}{\ensuremath{R_{0}}}
\newcommand*{\snull}{\ensuremath{\sigma_{0}}}
\newcommand*{\lnonp}{\lnull{}\jdash{}\onull{} plane}
\newcommand*{\lop}{$\lambda$\jdash{}$\Omega$ plane}
%
%
%maths
%
%looks better in displayed math
\delimitershortfall=0pt \delimiterfactor=1000
\newcommand*{\D}{\mathop{}\!\mathrm{d}} %differential operator
\newcommand*{\sign}{\mathop{\mathrm{sign}}\nolimits}
\newcommand*{\arcsinh}{\mathop{\mathrm{arcsinh}}\nolimits}
\newcommand*{\arccosh}{\mathop{\mathrm{arccosh}}\nolimits}
\newcommand*{\arctanh}{\mathop{\mathrm{arctanh}}\nolimits}
\providecommand{\rmi}{\mathrm{i}}
\providecommand{\rme}{\mathrm{e}}
\newcommand*{\plusminus}[2]{^{+#1}_{-#2}}
\providecommand*{\upi}{\pi} %not always available depending on font
\newcommand*{\mathspace}{\quad} 
\providecommand*{\degree}{^{\circ}}
\newcommand{\mlab}[1]{_{\mathrm_{#1}}} %for suffixes which are labels, not variables
%approximately greater than/less than
\providecommand{\ga}{\,\rlap{\raise 0.5ex\hbox{$>$}}{\lower 1.0ex\hbox{$\sim$}}\,}
\providecommand{\la}{\,\rlap{\raise 0.5ex\hbox{$<$}}{\lower 1.0ex\hbox{$\sim$}}\,}
%
%
%save typing
%
\newcommand*{\asd}{angular-size distance}
\newcommand*{\asrr}{angular-size\jdash{}redshift relation}
%type of distances
\newcommand*{\DA}{\ensuremath{D^{\mathrm{A}}}}   %angular-sisze
\newcommand*{\DL}{\ensuremath{D^{\mathrm{L}}}}   %luminosity
\newcommand*{\DP}{\ensuremath{D^{\mathrm{P}}}}   %proper
\newcommand*{\Dpi}{\ensuremath{D^{\upi}}}        %parallax
\newcommand*{\DPM}{\ensuremath{D^{\mathrm{PM}}}} %proper-motion
\newcommand*{\Dd}{\ensuremath{D_{\mathrm{d}}}}   %lensing: (observer--)deflector
\newcommand*{\Dl}{\ensuremath{D^{\mathrm{ls}}}}  %lensing:variant
\newcommand*{\Dds}{\ensuremath{D_{\mathrm{ds}}}} %lensing: deflector--source
\newcommand*{\Dls}{\ensuremath{D^{\mathrm{ls}}}} %lensing:variant
\newcommand*{\Ds}{\ensuremath{D_{\mathrm{s}}}}   %lensing: (observer)--source
%redshifts corresponding to distances above
\newcommand*{\zd}{\ensuremath{z_\mathrm{d}}}
\newcommand*{\zl}{\ensuremath{z_\mathrm{l}}}
\newcommand*{\zs}{\ensuremath{z_\mathrm{s}}}
%cosmological models
\newcommand*{\EdS}{Einstein\ndash{}de~Sitter}
\newcommand*{\flrw}{Friedmann\ndash{}Lema\^{\i}tre\ndash{}Robertson\ndash{}Walker}
\newcommand*{\FLRW}{FLRW}
\newcommand*{\aFLRW}{an FLRW}% change to "a" if \FLRW expanded in full
\newcommand*{\flrwfirst}{\flrw\ (FLRW)}
\newcommand*{\frw}{Fried\-mann\ndash{}Robert\-son\ndash{}Walker}
\newcommand*{\FRW}{FRW}
\newcommand*{\aFRW}{an FRW}% change to "a" \FRW if expanded in full
\newcommand*{\frwfirst}{\frw\ (FRW)}
\newcommand*{\lcdm}{$\Lambda$CDM}
\newcommand*{\LCDM}{LCDM}
\newcommand*{\LTB}{Lema\^{\i}tre\ndash{}Tolman\ndash{}Bondi}
\newcommand*{\mzr}{$m$\jdash{}$z$ relation}
\newcommand*{\rdr}{redshift\jdash{}distance relation}
\newcommand*{\RW}{Robertson\ndash{}Walker}
\newcommand*{\RWm}{Robertson\ndash{}Walker metric}
\newcommand*{\tIas}{Type Ia supernovae}
%
%
%foreign expressions
%command variants ending in "a" are for when used as adjectives
%
\newcommand*{\foreign}[1]{\emph{#1}} %redefine to noop if not desired in italics
                                     %change to \textit if should stay
                                     %in italics if surrounding text italic
\newcommand*{\adhoc}{\foreign{ad~hoc}}
\newcommand*{\ansatz}{\foreign{ansatz}}
\newcommand*{\apriori}{\foreign{a~priori}}
\newcommand*{\eg}{\foreign{e.g.}} % never at end of sentence
\newcommand*{\ca}{\foreign{ca.}}  % never at end of sentence
\newcommand*{\cf}{\foreign{cf.}}  % never at end of sentence
\newcommand*{\defacto}{\foreign{de~facto}}
\makeatletter 
%magic to have only one "." even if one is written explicitly after
%the command (as should be the case at the end of a sentence)
\newcommand*{\etal}{\foreign{et~al}\@ifnextchar.{}{.\@}}
\newcommand*{\etc}{\foreign{etc}\@ifnextchar.{}{.\@}}
\makeatother
\newcommand*{\festschrift}{\foreign{festschrift}}
\newcommand*{\gedankenexperiment}{\foreign{gedankenexperiment}}
\newcommand*{\ie}{\foreign{i.e.}} % never at end of sentence
\newcommand*{\nonsequitur}{\foreign{non~sequitur}}
\newcommand*{\percent}{~per~cent}
\newcommand*{\percenta}{-per-cent}
\newcommand*{\perse}{\foreign{per se}}
\newcommand*{\sic}{\foreign{sic}}
\newcommand*{\via}{\foreign{via}}
\newcommand*{\viceversa}{\foreign{vice versa}}
\newcommand*{\vs}{\foreign{vs.}} 
\newcommand*{\versus}{\foreign{versus}} 
%
%
%similar to above
%
\newcommand*{\journal}[1]{\foreign{#1}}  %not `foreign' but same logic as above
%e.g. missions (crewed or not) (Planck, Apollo 17, Kepler), spectrographs 
%(ESPRESSO), ground-based instruments (VLT), satellites (Sputnik), etc.
\newcommand*{\device}[1]{\foreign{#1}}  %not `foreign' but same logic as above
%above is the catch-all term; the following are synonyms which provide
%more context
\newcommand*{\mission}[1]{\device{#1}}
\newcommand*{\instrument}[1]{\device{#1}}
\newcommand*{\detector}[1]{\device{#1}}
\newcommand*{\telescope}[1]{\device{#1}}
\newcommand*{\satellite}[1]{\device{#1}}
%
%
%abbreviations for text
% capitals if used at beginning of sentence (not depending on whether
% the macro expands to something capitalized; that depends, except at
% the beginning of a sentence, on whether referring to the current paper
% or to another paper)
% plural form for more than one
% longer form for external papers
%
\newcommand*{\eq}[1]{Eq.~(\ref{#1})}
\newcommand*{\Eq}[1]{Eq.~(\ref{#1})}
\newcommand*{\eqs}[3]{Eqs.~(\ref{#1})#2(\ref{#3})} %\eqs{2}{\&}3}, \eqs{2}{\rdash}{3}
\newcommand*{\Eqs}[3]{Eqs.~(\ref{#1})#2(\ref{#3})}
\newcommand*{\eqn}[1]{equation~(#1)}
\newcommand*{\Eqn}[1]{Equation~(#1)}
\newcommand*{\eqns}[3]{equations~(#1)#2(#3)}
\newcommand*{\Eqns}[3]{Equations~(#1)#2(#3)}
\newcommand*{\fig}[1]{Fig.~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand*{\Fig}[1]{Fig.~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand*{\figs}[3]{Figs.~#1#2#3}
\newcommand*{\Figs}[3]{Figs.~#1#2#3}
\newcommand*{\figr}[1]{figure~#1}
\newcommand*{\Figr}[1]{Figure~#1}
\newcommand*{\figrs}[3]{figures~#1#2#3}
\newcommand*{\Figrs}[3]{Figures~#1#2#3}
\newcommand*{\sect}[1]{Sect.~\ref{#1}} %not sure where \sec defined
\newcommand*{\Sect}[1]{Sect.~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand*{\sects}[3]{Sects.~\ref{#1}#2\ref{#3}}
\newcommand*{\Sects}[3]{Sects.~\ref{#1}#2\ref{#3}}
\newcommand*{\secti}[1]{section~#1}
\newcommand*{\Secti}[1]{Section~#1}
\newcommand*{\sectis}[3]{sections~#1#2#3}
\newcommand*{\Sectis}[3]{Sections~#1#2#3}
%can clash with \tab in the tabto environment, but if so error thrown
\newcommand*{\tab}[1]{Tab.~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand*{\Tab}[1]{Tab.~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand*{\tabs}[3]{Tabs.~\ref{#1}#2\ref{#3}}
\newcommand*{\Tabs}[3]{Tabs.~\ref{#1}#2\ref{#3}}
\newcommand*{\tabl}[1]{table~#1}
\newcommand*{\Tabl}[1]{Table~#1}
\newcommand*{\tabls}[3]{tables~#1#2#3}
\newcommand*{\Tabls}[3]{Tabels~#1#2#3}
\newcommand*{\pa}[1]{Part~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand*{\Pa}[1]{Part~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand*{\pas}[3]{Parts~\ref{#1}#2\ref{#3}}
\newcommand*{\Pas}[3]{Parts~\ref{#1}#2\ref{#3}}
\newcommand*{\pat}[1]{part~\ref{#1}} %\par is a TeX command
\newcommand*{\Pat}[1]{Part~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand*{\pats}[3]{parts~\ref{#1}#2\ref{#3}}
\newcommand*{\Pats}[3]{Parts~\ref{#1}#2\ref{#3}}
\newcommand*{\chap}[1]{Chap.~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand*{\Chap}[1]{Chap.~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand*{\chaps}[3]{Chaps.~\ref{#1}#2\ref{#3}}
\newcommand*{\Chaps}[3]{Chaps.~\ref{#1}#2\ref{#3}}
\newcommand*{\chapt}[1]{chapter~#1}
\newcommand*{\Chapt}[1]{Chapter~#1}
\newcommand*{\chapts}[3]{chapters~#1#2#3}
\newcommand*{\Chapts}[3]{Chapters~#1#2#3}
%
%
%spelling etc
%
%Logic for two-word adjectives: First word always capitalized at
%beginning of sentence.  If the corresponding noun always has both
%capitalized (e.g. Steady State, referring to the cosmological model),
%such constructions never being hyphenated as nouns, then the adjective
%need not be hyphenated, since the capitalization makes it clear that the
%words belong together, thus there is one form for all for cases
%(beginning of sentence or not, adjective or noun).  If not, and the noun 
%form is hyphenated (e.g. time-scale), then there are two forms for all 
%cases depending only on whether at the beginning of a sentence.  If not, 
%and the noun form is not hyphenated (e.g. error bar), then there are 
%four forms: hyphenated if used as adjective, capitalized if at beginning 
%of sentence.
%
\newcommand*{\acktext}{Acknowledgements}
\newcommand*{\acksection}{\section*{\acktext{}}}
\newcommand*{\bestfit}{best-fit}
\newcommand*{\bigbang}{Big Bang}
\newcommand*{\Bigbang}{Big Bang} 
\newcommand*{\bigbanga}{Big Bang} %hyphenate if \bigbang defined lower-case
\newcommand*{\Bigbanga}{Big Bang} %hyphenate if \bigbang defined lower-case
\newcommand*{\cowrite}{co-write}
\newcommand*{\cowrote}{co-wrote}
\newcommand*{\cowritten}{co-written}
\newcommand*{\datapoint}{data point}
\newcommand*{\dataset}{\data set}
\newcommand*{\errorbar}{error bar}
%for main text
\newcommand*{\finetunes}{fine-tunes}    %present tense
\newcommand*{\finetuned}{fine-tuned}    %past tense
\newcommand*{\finetuneda}{fine-tuned}   %adjective
\newcommand*{\Finetuneda}{Fine-tuned}   %adjective
\newcommand*{\finetuning}{fine-tuning}  %noun
\newcommand*{\Finetuning}{Fine-tuning}  %noun
\newcommand*{\finetuninga}{fine-tuning} %adjective
\newcommand*{\Finetuninga}{Fine-tuning} %adjective
%for titles
\newcommand*{\FineTuneda}{Fine-tuned}
\newcommand*{\FineTuning}{Fine-tuning}
\newcommand*{\FineTuninga}{Fine-tuning}
\newcommand*{\gr}{General Relativity}
\newcommand*{\GR}{GR}
\newcommand*{\grfirst}{\gr (\GR)}
\newcommand*{\GRa}{general-relativistic}
\newcommand*{\haloes}{haloes}
\newcommand*{\lightcone}{light-cone}
\newcommand*{\lightconea}{light-cone}
\newcommand*{\lightyear}{light-year}   
\newcommand*{\naive}{na{\"\i}ve}
\newcommand*{\online}{on-line}
\newcommand*{\ongoing}{ongoing}
\newcommand*{\Ongoing}{Ongoing}
\newcommand*{\onto}{onto}
\newcommand{\overdense}{overdense}
\newcommand*{\pmzn}{parameterization}
\newcommand*{\pmz}{parameterize}
\newcommand*{\pmzd}{parameterized}
\newcommand*{\postdiction}{postdiction}
\newcommand*{\spacetime}{spacetime}
\newcommand*{\Spacetime}{Spacetime}
\newcommand*{\spacetimea}{spacetime}
\newcommand*{\Spacetimea}{Spacetime}
\newcommand*{\steadystate}{Steady State}
\newcommand*{\Steadystate}{Steady State}
\newcommand*{\steadystatea}{Steady State}
\newcommand*{\Steadystatea}{Steady State}
\newcommand*{\timescale}{time-scale}
\newcommand*{\Timescale}{Time-scale}
\newcommand*{\timescalea}{time-scale}
\newcommand*{\Timescalea}{Time-scale}
\newcommand{\underdense}{underdense}
\newcommand{\wella}{well }
%
%
%angles, coordinates, etc.
%
%angles with symbols are best done with the \ang command from the
%sciuntitx package
%obsmag.cls provides the \rightascension command with three arguments;
%the last can be empty (and nothing is printed)
%for symmetry, one could define a `declination' wrapper
\newcommand*{\arcmin}{\ensuremath{\prime}} 
\newcommand*{\arcminw}{arcmin} %w=word as opposed to symbol
\newcommand*{\arcminute}{arcminute} %no hyphen
\newcommand*{\arcminutea}{arcminute} %adjective
\newcommand*{\subarcminutea}{sub-arcminute}
\newcommand*{\arcsec}{\ensuremath{\prime\prime}} 
\newcommand*{\arcsecw}{arcsec} %w=word as opposed to symbol
\newcommand*{\arcsecond}{arcsecond} %no hyphen
\newcommand*{\arcseconda}{arcsecond} %no hyphen
\newcommand*{\subarcseconda}{sub-arcsecond}
\providecommand*{\degree}{^{\circ}}
\newcommand*{\degreew}{degree} %w=word as opposed to symbol
%
%
%miscellaneous
%
\newcommand*{\AnPr}{Anthropic Principle} % \AP clashes with IOPART.CLS
\newcommand*{\database}{database} %one word these days
\newcommand*{\Galaxy}{Galaxy} %our Galaxy
\newcommand*{\galaxy}{galaxy} %a galaxy in general
\newcommand*{\Galactic}{Galactic} 
\newcommand*{\galactic}{\galactic} 
\newcommand*{\Multiverse}{Multiverse} %our multiverse
\newcommand*{\multiverse}{multiverse} %a multiverse in general
\newcommand*{\per}[1]{#1\ensuremath{^{-1}}}
\newcommand*{\software}[1]{\textsc{#1}} %no initial uppercase, \e.g. \code{cmbfast}
\newcommand*{\class}[1]{\software{#1}}
\newcommand*{\code}[1]{\software{#1}} 
\newcommand*{\package}[1]{\software{#1}}
\newcommand*{\suffix}[1]{\texttt{#1}}
\newcommand*{\Solarsystem}{Solar System} %our Solar System
\newcommand*{\Solarsystema}{Solar System} %our Solar System
\newcommand*{\solarsystem}{solar system} %a solar system in general
\newcommand*{\solarsystema}{solar-system} %a solar system in general
\newcommand*{\Universe}{Universe} %our Universe
\newcommand*{\universe}{universe} %a model universe
%
%
\newcommand*{\seccase}[1]{#1} %renew if journal wants but doesn't do it itself
                              %thus \section{\seccase{foo}} and then just
%                             %redefine ratherthan changing foo
%
%hyphenation
%check hyphenation of words with dash, both adjectival and not
%
\hyphenation{
an-i-so-tro-pic
co-s-m-o-l-o-gi-cal
co-s-m-o-l-o-gy
di-men-sio-n-al
Gar-ch-ing
gra-vi-ta-tio-n-al-lens
gra-vi-ta-tio-n-al
mo-d-el 
mo-d-els 
re-l-a-ti-v-i-s-t-ic
whe-ther 
an-g-u-lar-size-di-s-t-ance 
gra-v-i-ta-tio-n-al len-s-ing 
poin-t-ed
Fried-mann
}
%mag-ni-tude-num-b-er
%
%
% avoid changing text depending on citation style
%
% Examples: \citeg{SWeinberg73a}{} produces "(e.g. Weinberg 1973)
%           \citegs{SWeinberg73a,EHarrison81a}{} produces "(e.g. Weinberg 1973; Harrison 1981)"
%           \citegn{SWeinberg73a}{} produces "(e.g. Weinberg 1973)"
%           \citeg{SWeinberg73a}{the book by}{} produces "(e.g. the book by Weinberg 1973)"
% The actual formatting of (multiple) citations depends on the style.
% In all cases, the last argument (which must be present, but can be 
% empty) adds a text like "for additional information" or whatever
\newcommand*{\citeg}[2]{\citep[\eg{}][#2]{#1}}     %one
\newcommand*{\citegs}[2]{\citep[\eg{}][#2]{#1}}    %more than one
\newcommand*{\citegn}[3]{\citep[\eg{}~#1][#3]{#2}} %with extra note
\newcommand*{\citegns}[3]{\citep[\eg{}~#1][#3]{#2}}%more than one with extra note
%next four commands: forces all authors to be cited 
%e.g., MNRAS wants all three for three-author papers on first citation
%but after that only first and "et al.".  Won't work with the last two
%commands if one paper has three but another more than three (since then
%all will be cited, whereas the distinction between first and later
%citations is only for three-author papers.
\newcommand*{\citegstar}[2]{\citep*[\eg{}][#2]{#1}}
\newcommand*{\citegsstar}[2]{\citep*[\eg{}][#2]{#1}}
\newcommand*{\citegnstar}[3]{\citep*[\eg{}~#1][#3]{#2}}
\newcommand*{\citegnsstar}[3]{\citep*[\eg{}~#1][#3]{#2}}
%The above commands are for author/year citations, and each group has
%only two definitions.  They are included here to demonstrate the
%idea of redefinition so that they work with numerical citations 
%(see next lines).
\renewcommand*{\citeg}[2]{(\eg{},~ref.~\citenum{#1}{#2})}
\renewcommand*{\citegs}[2]{(\eg{},~refs.~\citenum{#1}{#2})}
\renewcommand*{\citegn}[3]{(\eg{},~ref.~\citenum{#2}{#3})}
\renewcommand*{\citegns}[3]{(\eg{},~refs.~\citenum{#2}{#3})}
%So the first command produces "e.g., ref.~(3)%
%The plural forms should be obvious.  For numerical citations, it
%makes no sense to add something like "see the book by" since it is
%not followed by the author's name.  But the command can still be
%(re-)used as that additional note is just dropped.
%
%
%BibTeX 
%
\newcommand{\BibTeX}{\textrm{B\kern-.05em\textsc{i\kern-.025em b}\kern-.08em T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}
%following command can be used to force BibTeX to sort in a different
%way than it otherwise would.
\providecommand{\noopsort}[1]{} 
%
%
%quotes
%
%commands with argument, but will it be hyphenated?
%oq (outer quote) is used if only one
%b: begin; e: end; o: outer; i: inner; s: scare
%scare quotes also used to refere to terms, chapter titles, etc.
%probably a better way to do this now, but quotation marks are rare
%and relatively easy to change---something for a rainy day.
\newcommand*{\boq}{``}
\newcommand*{\eoq}{''}
\newcommand*{\biq}{`}
\newcommand*{\eiq}{'}
\newcommand*{\bsq}{`}
\newcommand*{\esq}{'}
%
%
%brackets
%order can be ([{}]) or {[()]}
%use macros only when nested, in contrast to quotes, but if used,
%then for all in the nested expression
%example for ([{}])
\newcommand*{\bib}{{}
\newcommand*{\eib}{}}
\newcommand*{\bmb}{[}
\newcommand*{\emb}{]}
\newcommand*{\bob}{(}
\newcommand*{\eob}{)}